Under the GAO’s bid protest regulations, only an “interested party” may file a bid protest. Over the years, GAO case law has established that a protester is not an “interested party” if the protester would not have had a reasonable chance of receiving award, but for the agency’s actions.
Under most circumstances, the “no harm no foul” prejudice rule makes sense. After all, if a protester scored lower than the awardee on, say, all five technical factors, and had a higher price, should the agency really have to start from scratch if it made a minor error? The rule generally helps weed out frivolous protests and keep the competitive procurement system functioning smoothly. But occasionally the rule can lead to seemingly unfair and anticompetitive results, as happened in Gas Turbine Engines, Inc., B-401868.2 (Dec. 14, 2009).
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